liberation movements examples

In fact bringing all co-ethnics within a single nation-state, through territorial expansion if need be, has been the aim of a number of nationalist movements. This form of drag, known as ‘camp,’ reveals femininity as a performance. Through the arousal of desire across lines of gender and sexuality, drag queens seek to blur and destabilize distinctions between heterosexuality and homosexuality (for more information, see Rupp et al., 2010; Taylor and Rupp, 2006; Rupp and Taylor, 2003). Khan Academy is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Wallerstein chronicles, too, the formation of the modern-day university system in England, France, Germany, Italy, and the US, noting the overwhelming preoccupation of those countries in studying about themselves and the Euro-American world. Found insideThe Routledge Handbook of Moral Epistemology brings together philosophers, cognitive scientists, developmental and evolutionary psychologists, animal ethologists, intellectual historians, and educators to provide the most comprehensive ... The presidency of Jimmy Carter. The proliferation of programs devoted to the study of the oppression/subordination/marginalization of various groups or conditions has natural links with the cultural studies movement that was proliferating in English departments, as literature (and eventually even composition) was increasingly interpreted in terms of the social conditions of its production and consumption. More often, they attempt to arouse desires in members of the audience that are outside of their expressed sexual identities. Amy L. Stone, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015. A vivid introduction to eco-terrorism in the United States, covering such groups as PETA, ALF, and ELF. We’ll surpass you. That is, the idea of an ‘Asiatic Mode of Production’ required significant reconfiguration in order to explain what Asian intellectuals insisted on accounting for: Asia had indeed undergone significant change in the context of ‘world history’. Former GAA activists founded the National Gay Task Force in 1973. Thus, Okakura Kakuzo wrote that “Asia is one.” The divisions of physical geography that separated Asia’s distinct cultural regions cannot, he continued, “interrupt for one moment the broad expanse of love for the Ultimate and Universal, which is the common thought of every Asiatic race.” Rabindranath Tagore evoked Asia as a primarily “spiritual civilization,” and Swami Vivekananda reserved for Asia a monopoly on the spiritual contributions to world history. Like many new developments in the United States, mental patients’ liberation groups began primarily on the east and west coasts and then spread inland. The division of the globe into nation-states, many of the wars among these states, and the hundreds of historical and contemporary conflicts among states and ethnic groups—in short, fundamental aspects of the modern world—cannot be understood without also understanding liberation movements. Wars of independence and attempts of those range back centuries, including prominent examples such as the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), the Irish War of Independence (1919–1921), the Kosovo War (1996–1999), the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005), and many others. Arising in the 1910s and emerging as legitimate governing bodies in the 1990s, the South African and the Palestinian national liberation movements have exhibited remarkable parallels over the course of their development. Miller, Norman, and Roderick Aya, eds. Ethnic and Nationalist Social Movements. Anita Bryant was a former Miss America contestant and spokesperson for Florida orange juice. Objectively the political form of the nation-state is thoroughly modern, having come into wide existence only within the last 200 years or so, as well as highly contingent, with the ability of any given national liberation movement to achieve its objective of nationhood dependent upon a host of historical variables. This is the new normal in our apocalyptic politics - but if we accept it, our helplessness is guaranteed. To bring about real change, argues activist and political philosopher Srecko Horvat, we must first transform our mindset. Aptly referred to as the "Mother of Feminism," Gloria Steinem led the women's liberation movements throughout the '60s and '70s—and continues to do so today. But it is likely that when all is said and done, Wallerstein will be remembered most, after his work on the capitalist world-economy and related inequalities of race, ethnicity, class, and gender, for his work on the structures of knowledge of the modern world-system, part of a larger critique of Eurocentrism and the coloniality of power associated most especially with the work of Edward Said and Peruvian Sociologist Anibal Quijano, respectively. National liberation movements (NLMs) constitute diverse socio political movements which share the aim of establishing an independent state for what they consider their nation within the borders of a territory recognized by the international community. Militant Nationalism: Between Movement and Party in Ireland and the Basque Country. A liberation movement is a type of social movement that seeks territorial independence or enhanced political or cultural autonomy (or rights of various types) within an existing nation-state for a particular national, ethnic, or racial group. ['"In the spring of 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson had a decision to make. National Identity. The success of an independence movement is never preordained. Stagflation and the oil crisis. National liberation movements that posed radical challenges to the domestic social order, often long after decolonization, included notable cases such as Cuba (see Cuban Revolution, The) in 1959, southeast Asia (see Vietnamese Revolution, The) and southern Africa in the 1960s and 1970s, and Central America in the 1970s and 1980s. As noted, however, national or ethnic identities may be more of an outcome than the initial cause of liberation movements. The "rap group" as a strategy for consciousness within the Black liberation movement evolved into consciousness-raising groups within the women's liberation movement. E. Pluhar, in Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics (Second Edition), 2012. The efforts of artists, intellectuals, and political leaders in the vanguard of national liberation struggles—along with the mass movements they have sought (with varying success) to inspire—have been aimed at the creation of a nation-state that, by definition, did not yet exist; yet this struggle has been represented as the natural unfolding of an inevitable, historically preordained process. By contrast, rights theorists hold that the rightness of an act is not exhausted by the act’s consequences. In seeking to prove her point by example, the author has referred THE FUTURE OF LIBERATION MOVEMENTS. . More than historical materialism, the idea of Asia as the birthplace of the world’s great religions, and of Asia as still harboring a spiritual essence lost in the secularism of the modern West, has been a resource for dreams of a pan-Asian community. Colonialism, they argued, brought the end of slavery in East and Central Africa and brought a stop to inter-kingdom warfare in parts of West Africa. Notable liberation movements Gay liberation, a movement that urged lesbians and gay men to engage in direct action, and to be proud of their... Goa liberation movement, a movement which fought to end Portuguese colonial rule in Goa, India. Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwaz. The book will be of great interest to readers concerned with the condition of feminist movement in Western countries. 1971. A liberation movement is a type of social movement that seeks territorial independence or enhanced political or cultural autonomy (or rights of various types) within an existing nation-state for a particular national, ethnic, or racial group. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. The 1960s and 70s saw the emergence of strong black liberation movements such as the Black Panther Party, the Black Workers Congress, the Revolutionary Act Movements and many others. First, it provided women with a model for success on how a successful movement should organize itself. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. The movement for homosexual rights, under the labels of “Gay” and “Lesbian” scholarship, detailed millennia of compulsory heterosexuality. Significantly, Wallerstein's “Introduction” to Volume I of this work is subtitled “On the Study of Social Change,” and it is here that the method and research program, which he has followed all of his life was first laid out. Anyone who is a male, especially in modern Indian society, will understand the restrictive gender roles that are assigned to men. Liberation theology, religious movement arising in late 20th-century Roman Catholicism and centered in Latin America. The presidency of Jimmy Carter. Seminar paper from the year 2002 in the subject American Studies - Culture and Applied Geography, grade: A-, San Francisco State University (Ethnic Studies), course: AAS 710 Critical Approaches, language: English, abstract: From the ... ABSTRACT Across Africa, there are many examples of liberation movements that rose up and fought against colonialism and post-colonial authoritarian regimes. Yet it is important to note that all of this work is the outcome of a lifetime spent rejecting and critiquing the premises of mainstream social science and formulating an alternative more holistic vision, drawing on a host of leading albeit iconoclastic scholars such as the institutional economist Karl Polanyi. National liberation movements can, however, be traced back to the late eighteenth century. From the colonial period to the present, there have been different views on the situat…, Caroline Ford How to use liberation in a sentence. Although written in on-polemical style, the book passionately attacks injustice and offers examples of courageous responses to it."--Publisher's description Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. As Horkheimer succinctly put it: “It is not that chewing gum undermines metaphysics but that it is metaphysics.”. These anti-colonial struggles were aimed at liberation of the masses from exploitation and injustice. This is especially true when these same queens disrupt their performances of femininity by calling attention to the male bodies that are present underneath the sequins. Wallerstein then relates how the African prism, as one scholar called it, led him to search for and then question what was the appropriate unit for studying social change and to be properly skeptical about “the degree to which society as an abstraction was heavily limited to politico-juridical systems as an empirical reality.” So it was that Wallerstein came up with his alternative conceptualization of social systems, as defined by a single division of labor, transgressing the nominally sovereign boundaries of territorially based states and thereby reflecting economic interdependence, as the appropriate totality/unit of analysis for studying social change. It sought to apply religious faith by aiding the poor and oppressed through involvement in political and civic affairs. ." Simply put, it is hard to think of another work, project really, in the historical social sciences that had a greater impact across disciplinary boundaries than The Modern World-System. Poems, essays, personal testimonies, and historical documents are contributed by fifty individuals concerned with the liberation of women NLMs have indeed been among the major political forces which could be found in Europe in the nineteenth century and later, in the twentieth century, expanded to Asia and Africa. I am not calling for a multidisciplinary approach to the study of social systems, but for a unidisciplinary approach. Using Marx’s own derivation of linear history – culled from the nineteenth-century evolutionary theories of Lewis Henry Morgan and E.B. During this time, many lesbians became involved in lesbian feminism rather than gay liberation. Some liberation movements (non-state actors) in many parts of the world, be it in Algeria, Zimbabwe, Mali, and Ghana, have (mis)used liberation legitimacy even after the foreign occupation ended. Therefore, the philosophical nonhuman animal rights movement is opposed to utilitarianism. The movement also faced ongoing disputes about the inclusion of transsexuals and drag queens, along with the capacity of the groups to address sexism and racism. It…, ethnonationalism and the nation-state By contrast, authorities have strongly and usually violently resisted liberation movements that represent a threat to their economic interests, and such resistance has generally induced liberation movements to adopt more coercive strategies of their own, including forms of armed struggle such as guerrilla warfare and terrorism—the latter strategy especially common in colonies with large settler populations. They make none at all if the focus is the social system. Asking why such a clumsy and ambiguous idea as the Asiatic Mode gained such attention in Asia at all, Fogel argued that there was a need for the “ontological security” of historical materialism as a foundation for an incipient narrative of national identity as well as a pan-Asian commonality that could not otherwise be found. Wars of national liberation or national liberation revolutions are conflicts fought by nations to gain independence.The term is used in conjunction with wars against foreign powers (or at least those perceived as foreign) to establish separate sovereign states for the rebelling nationality. Texts such as this have often been deployed by partisans of both sides of the essentialism/social construction debate regarding the history of homosexuality. This is the currently selected item. National liberation movements that posed radical challenges to the domestic social order, often long after decolonization, included notable cases such as Cuba (see Cuban Revolution, The) in 1959, southeast Asia (see Vietnamese Revolution, The) and southern Africa in the 1960s and 1970s, and Central America in the 1970s and 1980s. Encyclopedia.com. The perception that the voice of, say, women in men’s novels was often distorted, and in systematic ways that revealed the collusion of male self-interest, led naturally enough to the idea that women should be allowed to speak for themselves – and similarly for other groups. Singer traces the roots of his view to the original utilitarian, Jeremy Bentham (1748–1842), who held that society’s goal should be the greatest happiness for the greatest number of individuals. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. of Portugal, Spain, France, the Netherlands, and Great Britain established colonies in the Americas. Assyria Liberation Party. ), Comrades of Color: East Germany in the Cold As the civil rights movement led to programs devoted to the sympathetic exploration of blacks (for the term “African American,” see below), so the women’s liberation movement gave birth to programs dedicated to women’s studies. Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Several national gay and lesbian organizations were also formed. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Only in Volume II (1980), subtitled Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, does Wallerstein fully do justice to “Dutch Hegemony in the World-Economy,” as one of the early chapters is called, focusing thereafter on interstate competition among the core powers, before turning to peripheries, semiperipheries, and then back to the core. These theories tend to focus on the political and social conditions that encourage specifically ethnic or national identities—as opposed especially to class identities—and that generate widespread grievances among ethnic and national groups. E. Johnson, in Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics (Second Edition), 2012. Yet despite the wide variation among national liberation movements in terms of historical context, social base, strategies, and specific aims, a common thread uniting them all has been the need to contend, whether as friend or foe, with the nation-building projects that have been so central to the modern world. This paper presents a general or global overview of the history, nature, causes and. A common response to this problem was to delimit the Asiatic Mode to a specific period of Asian history, one which had long since been left behind, but which still lingered in various forms of class-based oppression. But this does not mean that they do not bring the politics of drag into the streets. Not surprisingly, authorities have been more accommodating to narrowly political movements, dominated by economic elites, that do not challenge the economic well-being of these authorities and their constituents. Ideology begins, says Patrick Brantlinger, “when ideas appear to be severed from the social conditions which produce them” (1990: 80). For example, very few scholars 8 Sapire, ‘Liberation Movements’, p. 276. Through this process, she unmasks the ‘taken-for-granted’ power of masculinity and the male-bodied and demonstrates that literally anyone can do it. Conversely, drag queens are not generally mistaken for women when they are out of costume; and many of them are quite masculine when not in drag. Anderson, Benedict. The politics of gay liberation in the United States was quickly beset by ideological differences, including a divide between revolutionary ideologies, redistributive political ideologies, and single-interest politics (Armstrong, 2002). Lesbians formed lesbian feminist organizations, including the Radicalesbians in New York, the Furies Collective in Washington, DC, and the Gay Women's Liberation in San Francisco (D'Emilio, 1983). This is the currently selected item. In this final section of this module, we will look at four phases of African reaction to colonial rule: early resistance, demand for equity and inclusion, nationalism/mass movement, and … Award winning author and former MPhil in African Studies student Mary Ononokpono talks about how her work has been inspired by our MPhil programme Okakura thus contrasted Asia’s pursuit of Universal Truth with a narrow European preoccupation with the Particular. For example, Diane Torr's ‘Man for a Day Workshops’ take drag to the streets, as she trains lesbians, straight women, gay men, and transgender men in the subtle nuances of masculine embodiment (Torr and Bottoms, 2010). Another significant appropriation among Asians is the idea of Asia as an essentially spiritual identity. TWO TYPES OF LIBERATION MOVEMENTS. We’ll do that. In the first chapter, “Industry and Bourgeoisie,” Wallerstein dispenses simultaneously with the notion of both bourgeois revolutions, using the French Revolution as the paradigmatic example, as well as with the Industrial Revolution (the former conceived as anticapitalist despite its almost universal designation as a bourgeois revolution). Vaid, Urvishi. Second, the civil rights movement broadened the concept of leadership to include women. Individuals with basic moral rights should have those rights respected by moral agents, even if the sum total of happiness generated might be less than would result if those rights were violated. Anderson’s (1991) argument that “print-capitalism” fueled the rise of the mass-circulating newspapers and books upon which the “imagined community” of the nation arose shows that the relationship between capitalism and the nation-state was cultural as well as economic. The book contains the papers presented at the International Conference on the Question of Terrorism organized by the International Progress Organization (Geneva, March 1987). The final chapter, “The Settler Decolonization of the Americas,” includes analyses of the American and Haitian revolutions and the independence struggles that led to the decolonization of Latin America. The Gay Rights National Lobby was created in 1978 and turned into the Human Rights Campaign Fund (now HRC or the Human Rights Campaign) in 1980. Liberation ideology strives to eliminate external and internal oppression of particular groups in both a formal and informal method in our legal system and society. This ideology believes in the freedom and equality of the individual. Since the 1990s, questions have emerged regarding the transgressive potential of drag kings who exemplify the superfluous attachment of masculinity to male bodies. Some liberation movements (non-state actors) in many parts of the world, be it in Algeria, Zimbabwe, Mali, and Ghana, have (mis)used liberation legitimacy even after the foreign occupation ended. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. The new study of postcolonialism explored the ravages and vestiges of imperialism. What stands out about its methodology are its generous quotations of literary texts, the most notable of which are the poems of Abu Nuwas, the eighth-/ninth-century Arab-Persian poet known for his praise of wine and the love of boys and women. Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. This is episode 25 and we’re focusing on the second half of 1976. Sort by: Top Voted. Over time, of course, with the emergence of area studies, borders between the disciplines began to break down, leading to widespread calls for the reorganization of the structures of knowledge to which Wallerstein has added his own voice. Liberation movements of the 1970s. For example, black men are perceived to lack control over their innate sexual aggression. Kings tend to more explicitly address racialized performances of masculinity in their discussions of social justice. A liberation movement is an organization or political movement leading a rebellion, or a non-violent social movement, against a colonial power or national government, often seeking independence based on a nationalist identity and an anti-imperialist outlook.. And Vivekananda contrasted Asia’s spiritual contributions with Europe’s political and scientific contributions. Many analysts, especially Marxists, have long predicted that global capitalism would undermine “parochial” nationalist sentiments—though this seems no closer to realization than it was at the beginning of the twentieth century. In each of these new studies, what was at stake was perceived to be more than simply a set of forgotten, overlooked, or repressed facts. In very few colonies movements that were launched and carried out for independence had twin purpose. The national feeling and identity underlying such movements is sometimes called “civic nationalism.” For example, The Times Literary Supplement (2013) A brutal regime is crushing a national liberation movement. Investigating the transformation of the Kurdish liberation movement in Iraq this book explores its development from an armed guerrilla movement, engaged in a war for liberation with the government in Baghdad, into the government of a de ... Khrushchev speech at the UN, 1959: "We will surpass you!" Although drag has clear potential to disrupt gender and sexual norms, it can also be read as reifying gender stereotypes. Some national liberation movements are based on identification with and loyalty to a population and “its” state (or prospective state), regardless of the ethnic or racial composition of this population. To liberation movements has occurred throughout history and remains current Democracy: a Comparative case study of and. Many of them, like Gunnar Myrdal, socialism only reconfirmed an Asia mired despotism. Dominant that it seems culturally invisible Democratization: the state of being liberated as reifying gender stereotypes imagined:! Feminism rather than gay liberation ” Nikita khrushchev said in his speech Open to the gospel is by the! Political, and copy the text into your bibliography will make violent revolution ”. A free, world-class education to anyone, anywhere the rightness of that.. 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