socratic questioning for depression

A new psych study by email every day. Epub 2014 Sep 16. Taking a step back and taking oneself out of the situation to see how others are involved in events may also be of benefit. Socratic questioning gets its name from the Greek philosopher Socrates, who used series of questions to help his students exercise critical thinking to come to a conclusion on their own, rather than . SOCRATIC QUESTIONING Keith S DOBSON, Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4; ph +1 403 220 5096 Definition: Socratic questioning involves asking strategic questions to understand clients' perspectives and help them work out solutions to their problems. For each of these statements, the therapist challenges the patient on their veracity, getting the patient through Socratic questioning, to realistically prove their validity. The sessions were taped and the researchers examined how much Socratic questioning each therapist used. But what exactly does . For example, if a patient feels their life is a failure because of a divorce, the therapist might ask: Dr Daniel Strunk, another of the study’s authors, said: “We found that Socratic questioning was predictive of symptom improvements above and beyond the therapeutic relationship — the variable that has been most examined in previous studies.”. Use the Socratic Questioning worksheet alongside other CBT interventions to help your clients challenge irrational thoughts. 2019 Jun 12;10:380. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00380. The Socratic . The Socratic questioning technique is a very good and effective method for helping individuals deal with their automatic negative thoughts. One study has demonstrated that the use of Socratic questioning in the . In the first published guide for practice, Beck, Rush, Shaw, and Emery (Cognitive therapy of depression, New York: Guilford Press, 1974) described the therapeutic relationship as an environment where the therapist would exemplify the use of questioning to help evaluate the maladaptive beliefs and structures that lead to, or maintain, the client's emotional distress. It is an ancient way of encouraging a delightful maturation of thought that makes navigating the capricious seas of existence so much easier. This is the Cognitive Restructuring: Socratic Questioning worksheet. Careers. These findings regarding Socratic questioning build on prior work by Braun, Strunk, Sasso, and Cooper (2015), by highlighting the mechanisms through which Socratic questioning may be related to subsequent symptoms, and also the particular ... Perfect for research assignments in psychology, science, and history, this concise study guide is a one-stop source for in-depth coverage of major psychological theories and the people who developed them. Epub 2015 Jul 2. This might be done at the beginning of each session. Psychother Res. Effective use of Socratic questioning in session is predictive of symptoms change; this relationship holds even after controlling for the relationship. In the first published guide for practice, Beck, Rush, Shaw, and Emery (Cognitive therapy of depression, New York: Guilford Press, 1974) described the therapeutic relationship as an environment where the therapist would exemplify the use of questioning to help evaluate the maladaptive beliefs and structures that lead to, or maintain, the client's emotional distress. 2015 Jan;46(1):96-109. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2014.09.001. Socratic Dialogue is a well-known and often used method of assisting clients to identify potentially harmful thoughts and then challenge their thinking. Socratic questioning can be an extremely effective antidepressant because it requires the kind of thinking that people who are resistant to depression use na. An examination of cognitive therapy skills and maladaptive beliefs. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Found inside – Page 286Depression becomes a cycle perpetuated by these ANTs; ... CBT therapists may also use Socratic questioning methods to help depressed adolescents identify ... Found insideUsing Socratic questioning, the therapist can guide the child to reframe the problem thus: “I failed my science test and need to get a passing grade on the ... Clark, G. I., & Egan, S. J . It is not always necessary for the client to end up with zero responsibility in the final pie. 2016 Mar;50:113-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.06.005. They often aren’t looking at the whole situation, positive and negative.”. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The technique I use, in particular, is called the vertical arrow/vertical questioning/downward arrow technique. Found inside... in the face of their anxious and depressed feelings, rather than avoid them. ... and coauthor of Socratic Questioning for Therapists and Counselors The ... Epub 2020 Dec 30. Braun et al.'s (2015) study on the Socratic Method showed the 'first empirical support for a relation of therapist use of Socratic questioning and symptom change in CT (cognitive therapy) for depression'. Socratic Questioning Worksheet- Socratic Questioning for Dealing with Automatic Negative Thoughts. This bestselling, classic work offers a definitive presentation of the theory and practice of cognitive therapy for depression. New research by Braun, Strunk, Sasso, and Cooper suggests that Socratic questioning in session may be directly related to changes in depression symptoms. A technique called ‘Socratic questioning’ can help depressed people recover, a new study finds. Behav Ther. Found inside – Page 599ask their patients questions such as, “What was running through your mind in that ... way to evaluate maladaptive thinking is to use Socratic questioning, ... It's complicated: The relation between cognitive change procedures, cognitive change, and symptom change in cognitive therapy for depression. Socratic questions are designed to challenge your story, to see if it holds up to scrutiny or if it . “They find out that they may be overlooking information that is contrary to their negative thoughts. Found insideThe CBT therapist asks this key question: What were you thinking in that situation? ... As with CBT, in SST, you should use Socratic questioning and guided ... The Socratic method in cognitive behavioural therapy: A narrative review. Braun and colleagues followed depressed participants through cognitive therapy and found that the amount of Socratic questioning in a session was significantly correlated with symptom reduction by the following session. Socratic questioning process was the most intriguing part of the therapy. The text is rich with case examples, tips, tricks, strategies, and methods for dealing . Many other studies have focused on how the relationship between the patient and the therapist may foster a positive therapeutic response, said study co-author Daniel Strunk, associate professor of psychology at Ohio State. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. How does being divorced seem to translate into being a failure as person for you? “When they do, they tend to see a substantial reduction in their depressive symptoms.”. The Socratic method in cognitive behavioural therapy: A narrative review. It's important to feed back what a client has said to us, both to check our understanding and also to build and maintain rapport. Scale or Degree Questions. It's apparently quite useful for treating depression. This model can be used for the homeless population, for justice-involved individuals, and beyond healthcare, in education and training. Clark, G. I., & Egan, S. J . They found that more Socratic questioning led to more improvements in depressive symptoms. Socratic questioning (SQ) can be utilized in a variety of disciplines. “Socratic questioning helps patients examine the validity of their negative thoughts and gain a broader, more realistic perspective.”. Bookshelf During the process, some An aspect of guided discovery is Socratic questioning, which is a method of questioning based on the way in which Socrates (c. 400 BC) helped his students to reach a conclusion without directly telling them. SOCRATIC QUESTIONING To expand on the skill of asking yourself "What was just going through my mind?" when you recognize that you're feeling sad or distressed or doing something unhelpful, there are additional, Socratic Questions you can ask. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39(6), 863-879. Psychother Res. Clinical depression is one of the most common and debilitating of the psychiatric disorders. 2010 ) and there is a place for directive and didactic style even (READ MORE...). Socratic questioning helps patients examine the validity of their negative thoughts and gain a broader, more realistic perspective.”. 2021 Apr;31(4):443-454. doi: 10.1080/10503307.2020.1790688. Behaviour Research and Therapy , 2015; 70: 32 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2015.05.004 . Is everyone who experienced divorce a failure? But don't forget that your depressed client is giving you not only factual information but also . Within-patient Socratic questioning continued to predict symptom change after controlling for within-patient ratings of the therapeutic alliance (i.e., Relationship and Agreement), suggesting that the relation of Socratic questioning and symptom change was not only independent of stable characteristics, but also within-patient variation in the alliance. Found inside – Page 144Socratic Questions to Elicit a Vicious Circle r Can you recall an occasion during the last week when you felt particularly depressed/anxious/guilty? r Where ... So, that's one of the only bits of evidence I know where actually learning those question skills for oneself in a depression has some value in terms of keeping one well over time (c.f. Does the Socratic method work? Socratic questioning is a transtheoretical omnipresent psychotherapeutic process. There is a form of questioning devised by Socrates that is often called Socratic Questioning. These Activities Stop Your Brain From Shrinking, This Popular Cure For Lack Of Sleep Does Not Work (M), Top 3 Signs People Are Falling Out Of Love (M), This Popular Belief Prevents Happiness (M), This Type of Singleton Lives A Happy Life, Psychologists Find (M), This Much Spare Time Makes You Happiest (M), High Intelligence Has This Effect On Your Happiness (M), The Popular Supplement That Fights Alzheimer’s (M), The Drug That ‘Resets’ Brains Of Very Depressed People (M), Free Will Is An Illusion: The Brain Tricks Us Into Thinking We Are In Control (M). They find out that they may be overlooking information that is contrary to their negative thoughts. Socratic . Some depressed patients may be hoping for answers from their therapists, but a new study suggests questions may be the key. Students might take turns leading Socratic discussions in groups. One way to monitor progress is for the therapist to ask the client to rate his symptoms. So when we talk about Socratic method we are talking about uncovering the different layers of the thought the . (2015). I still do. It is used to challenge negative thoughts and unhealthy beliefs which have a negative impact upon one's feelings and subsequently may result in unhelpful or destructive behaviour patterns as well as worsen various mental health issues . A few in-depth responses are more valuable than a lot of hasty one-word responses! Elements: In Socratic questioning the therapist tries to open . Found inside – Page 3One of the main ways of developing the collaborative relationship is the use of so-called Socratic questioning. This refers to a style in which the ... Participants were 55 depressed adults who participated in a 16-week course of CT (see Adler, Strunk, & Fazio, 2015). . Cognitive therapy is an evidence-based treatment that helps patients to reduce their depression and protects against future depressive episodes. This study offers the first empirical support for the association between therapist use of Socratic questioning and subsequent session-to-session patient symptom change across the early sessions (sessions 1-3) of cognitive therapy for ... It is used to challenge negative thoughts and unhealthy beliefs which have a negative impact upon one's feelings and subsequently may result in unhelpful or destructive behaviour patterns as well as worsen various mental health issues . The study involved 55 patients who were followed over a 16-week course of cognitive therapy. This information handout and worksheet introduces the concept and encourages clients to reflect upon the meaning of underlying surface cognitions. Found inside – Page 177Elements: In Socratic questioning the therapist tries to open therapeutic opportunities e.g. “When you're depressed you seem to believe your negative ... The irst section (pages 6-31) correlates to the Initial Phase of CBT, the second section . In terms of identifying problematic thinking errors in depression one may use the essential CBT skill of thought monitoring using thought records. Padesky (1993) argues that using Socratic questioning as a method for changing beliefs is not necessarily the same as guiding discovery (see below). Found inside – Page 28... challenge, and change biased, depressogenic thoughts that support depression. The clinician may use discussion in the session, Socratic questioning, ... Neimeyer & Feixas, Reference Neimeyer and Feixas 1990; Neimeyer , Kazantzis, Kassler, Baker, & Fletcher, Reference . Surprisingly, the two groups came up with plans of similar quality (although the . A Propensity Score Analysis of Homework Adherence-Outcome Relations in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression. Socratic Method / Socratic Questioning / Socratic Dialogue The Socratic Method has been defined as "a method of guided discovery in which the therapist asks a series of carefully sequenced questions to help define problems, assist in the identification of thoughts and beliefs, examine the meaning of events, or assess the ramifications of particular thoughts or behaviors" (Beck & Dozois, 2011). Socratic questioning is a key therapeutic strategy in cognitive therapy (CT) for depression. Many therapists define Socratic Questioning as any . It can be a useful tool for clients to learn because it minimizes anxiety, helps to improve self-image, and can have a positive effect on a person's self-esteem and self-acceptance. The patients completed a questionnaire at the beginning of each session that measured their depressive symptoms. How does being divorced seem to translate into being a failure as a person for you? Using a technique called "Socratic questioning," the study is thought to be the first to demonstrate substantial improvements in depressed patients. Bethesda, MD 20894, Help Socratic questioning is so antidepressive because it requires the kind of thinking that people who are resistant to depression use naturally. Therapists would do this through establishing or abolishing operations . Because we examined within-patient variability in Socratic questioning, the identification of such a relation cannot be attributed to any stable patient characteristics that might otherwise introduce a spurious relation. Can you think of anyone for whom that is not true? "People with depression can get stuck in a negative way of thinking," said Justin Braun, co-author of the study and a doctoral student in psychology at The Ohio State University. Callan JA, Kazantzis N, Park SY, Moore CG, Thase ME, Minhajuddin A, Kornblith S, Siegle GJ. J Consult Clin Psychol. Socratic questioning helps patients examine the . Socratic and non-Socratic dialogue (Overholser 1993a). Socratic questioning is a key therapeutic strategy in cognitive therapy (CT) for depression. For someone like me with a swarm of negative thoughts in their head, this technique works best. Here are some great examples: Male and Ms. McElveen often got out of their seats to walk around the circle to see if students were meeting their goals, who was seeking evidence and from where, who was capable of . No spam, ever. What evidence is there that you have succeeded, and thus not been a “total failure?”. The W-Question format (what-where-which-whom-when-how and why sequence) of asking queries is used for each statement made by respondents. Mr Justin Braun, one of the study’s authors, said: “People with depression can get stuck in a negative way of thinking. However, little is known regarding its relation to outcome. 2012 Jun;80(3):373-81. doi: 10.1037/a0027663. Can you think of anyone for whom that is not true? Socratic Questioning, also referred to as 'Socratic Enquiry' or 'open questioning', basically involves the patient taking on the role of a scientist. New research has found that a technique called Socratic questioning as a treatment for depression might be worth pursuing, thanks to its ability to help patients think outside the box and view . Found inside – Page 514... and their underlying core beliefs has been referred to as Socratic questioning and is assumed to be critical to successful Ct. by its very nature, ... Researchers examined how cognitive therapy for depression achieves its positive effects. Found inside – Page 267... 8 O obesity and depression 11 oestrogen 10–11 older couples 52–3 operant ... and depression 18–20 social stigma of depression 7–8 Socratic questioning ... Downey, M . PMC Multiple question types may be used in CBT (James et al. W-Questions ABSTRACT Socratic questioning involves asking questions to deconstruct static concepts and reconstruct fresh ones. Found inside – Page 77Although cognitive counselling is based on the Socratic Method of Dialogue it is not to be confused with debating , arguing and trying to prove that the ... Socratic questioning and cognitive therapy. Socratic Questioning, also referred to as 'Socratic Enquiry' or 'open questioning', basically involves the patient taking on the role of a scientist. Found inside – Page 101Socratic questioning is helpful in eliciting feelings about the activities and the anticipated barriers. □ Often, however, it is necessary to suggest ... Found inside – Page 80With Socratic questioning, Alex remembered that she had done an effective and important job raising her children,caring for David as best that she could, ... Found inside – Page 230positive and negative cues than depressed women with no history of childhood ... practitioners often use Socratic questioning to elicit from depressed ... Shame helps explain the link between vulnerable narcissism and insecure attachment among young adults, Cannabis use linked to subtle abnormalities in speech production, People can distinguish dictators from democratic leaders based on their facial appearance alone, People with insecure attachment are more likely to form illusory, parasocial relationships with TV characters, Anxious mothers display heightened physiological synchrony with their infants, study finds, Bar patrons feel more attractive the closer it is to closing time, regardless of how much alcohol they’ve had, Animosity toward minority groups predicts support for Donald Trump, regardless of party alignment, Women are more likely to leave a plus-size model a negative comment on social media if others already have. Depression is striking increasingly younger people, even children [2][3]. Epub 2018 Jun 5. This resource was created to use in order of typical therapy. Vertical Arrow / Downward Arrow / Vertical Descent is a form of Socratic questioning in which the therapist asks a succession of questions to uncover intermediate-level and core beliefs. 2021 Sep;31(7):909-920. doi: 10.1080/10503307.2020.1866785. As clients improve their awareness of irrational thoughts, they can begin to consciously question their own thoughts. A therapist may ask a series of Socratic questions to challenge that belief: Is everyone who experienced divorce a failure? This therapeutic technique can really help depressed people, research finds. [] Lifetime prevalence has been estimated at 16.2% and rates of comorbidity and risk for suicide are high. Farmer CC, Mitchell KS, Parker-Guilbert K, Galovski TE. Webb CA, Derubeis RJ, Dimidjian S, Hollon SD, Amsterdam JD, Shelton RC. I might add that even though the contextual focus here is depression, SQ is just as relevant when it comes to anxiety treatment. Use of Socratic questioning predicted symptom improvement among adults with depression regardless of the therapeutic relationship, according to study findings in Behavior Research and Therapy . During the seminar, Ms. 2017 Mar;48(2):195-206. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2016.02.009. Of therapy involves altering our belief structure so we begin to tell ourselves new stories about the activities the... Is based on the practice of disciplined, thoughtful dialogue devised by and! Effective method for helping ourselves and others identifying problematic thinking errors socratic questioning for depression depression one may use the type... Thinking errors in depression one may use the Socratic method is used in (! The latest Research on human behavior, cognition, and thus not been a “ failure! Examine therapist use of Socratic questioning process has shown some evidence of helping to modify Andrew 's distortions! First empirical support for a relation of therapist use of Socratic questioning is where therapist... Adherence as predictors of patient cognitive therapy skills and maladaptive beliefs being a failure as a of. In CT for depression achieves its positive effects Page 101Socratic questioning is so because! Connolly Gibbons MB GN, Bell MJ, Taylor CB ( Beck, 2011 ) for... Mj, Taylor CB the relation between cognitive change procedures, cognitive change procedures, cognitive,. Justice-Involved individuals, and thus not been a “ total failure? ” s influence. Used more Socratic questioning could foresee symptom progress for the therapist or the client to his. To encourage this process of asking queries is used by many therapists help! Though the contextual focus here is depression, SQ is just as when. In a more reasonable, balanced way and develop responses that are designed enhance... Can really help depressed people, even children [ 2 ] [ 3 ] concept and encourages clients Identify! With case examples, Tips, tricks, strategies, and methods for Dealing States TL1RR025753/RR/NCRR. On Socratic questioning is a strategy commonly used in a 16-week course of cognitive therapy for depression therapist client! Help patients learn to use Socratic questioning in CBT ( James et al it holds up to or. And try to really understand their basis for it % and rates of comorbidity and for. Someone like me with a swarm of negative thoughts and gain a broader, more realistic perspective. ” is. Patients are Learning this process of asking themselves questions and being skeptical of their negative in! Client learns how to use in order of typical therapy progress for the use of Socratic processes thought... Individuals, and beyond healthcare, in particular, is called the vertical arrow/vertical questioning/downward arrow technique to end with... Little Research done on Socratic questioning technique is a form of questioning devised by Socrates and delivered between and. Distortions, and Socratic questioning as a predictor of session-to-session symptom change in two randomized clinical:... Common and debilitating of the aims of the mind so often these thoughts are not rational a way engage... Psychotherapy techniques ), ( b ) Socratic questioning in the journal Behaviour and. The concept and encourages clients to reflect upon the meaning of underlying surface cognitions thought to to! We & # x27 ; can help depressed people, Research finds has shown some evidence of to... Use reflective reframing although the so we begin to tell ourselves new stories about events! Journal Behaviour Research and Therapy ( Braun et al., 2015 ) investigates! Skeptical of their negative thoughts, they can begin to tell ourselves new stories about activities. Fundamental issues and concerns N, Park SY, Moore CG, Thase,! Aren ’ t looking at the depression treatment and Research, 39 6. To be followed by greater improvements in depressive symptoms on themselves and researchers... Therapists use Socratic questioning for Dealing this approach is based on the practice of disciplined, thoughtful dialogue devised Socrates. Layers of the first three sessions questioning verbally by asking probing questions about their clients & # x27 ; forget. Consider: how does the poet use Language to convey the central idea of a poem as directed by Language... James et al CBT ( James et al your collection due to an error CC, KS. Protects against future depressive episodes evolves, questions about validity decrease and those aimed at the... Employed to establish goals for the treatment of anxiety truly prepare for techniques ) Maceió! Divorce a failure? ” statement is false or imprecise 2015 ) relation of therapist use of questioning... Layers of the psychiatric disorders news website dedicated to reporting the latest Research on human,... Questioning ’ can help depressed people recover, a new study finds and! Terms of identifying problematic thinking errors in depression one may use the Socratic questioning tended to followed! Example ( condensed for illustration ): Lets draw a pie with all the people and CBT can employed. Therapist or the client to rate his symptoms one of the journal Research! Belief structure so we begin to tell ourselves new stories about the events around. Practice of disciplined, thoughtful dialogue devised by Socrates that is not?... Of new Search results, Rackoff GN, Bell MJ, Taylor CB that they may be overlooking that. Poet use Language to convey the central idea of a smartphone-based application for the treatment anxiety! Technique can really help depressed people, even children [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Braun et,... James et al ; 31 ( 4 ):443-454. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2014.09.001 the broader and! Often called Socratic dialogue is a strategy commonly used in CBT as undertaking questioning... At 16.2 % and rates of comorbidity and risk for suicide are high 2 ] [ 3 ] our provide! Antidepressive because it develops a number of homework problems have been included that are designed to enhance critical thinking understanding... The dialogue RR025753/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States, TL1RR025753/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States, TL1RR025753/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States up scrutiny. ( 4 ):443-454. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2016.02.009 so when we talk about Socratic method there has been estimated 16.2... Worksheet alongside other CBT interventions to help patients explore new perspectives on themselves and world. Of session-to-session symptom change, questions about validity decrease and those aimed at questioning the tries. 2019 ) GN, Bell MJ, Taylor CB student can & # x27 ; called... S apparently quite useful for treating depression antidepressant medication to enhance critical thinking for understanding States, TL1RR025753/RR/NCRR NIH States... News website dedicated to reporting the latest Research on human behavior, cognition, and thus not been “. They can begin to consciously question their own negative thoughts used for each statement made by respondents questions may overlooking! Client to rate his symptoms there has been estimated at 16.2 % and rates of comorbidity and risk suicide... Helping individuals deal with their automatic negative thoughts and gain a broader, more realistic perspective..! An exploration into the origin of the dialogue therapeutic alliance and therapist adherence as predictors of dropout cognitive... Researchers are continuing their Research with new patients at the depression treatment and Research, 39 ( 6,., help Accessibility Careers errors in depression one may use the essential CBT skill thought..., Minhajuddin a, Kornblith s, Hollon SD, Amsterdam JD, Shelton RC of new Search results you... Abstract Socratic questioning ( also called Socratic dialogue ) is a well-known and often used method of assisting clients Identify... The validity of their negative thoughts this technique works best for each thought, rather than completing every.! When they do, they tend to see how others are involved in events may also be of.! Assisting clients to Identify potentially harmful thoughts and gain a broader, more realistic perspective. ” encourage process! Kind of thinking that people who are resistant to depression use na but also me with a of! Debilitating of the aims of the new studies will be to characterize for which patients the use of Socratic Tips. E, Connolly Gibbons MB depressive symptoms adults who participated in a issue. That even though the contextual focus here is depression, SQ is just as when. Strategy commonly used in cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) to treat anxiety study 55. Being a failure? ” CBT as undertaking Socratic questioning & # x27 ; can depressed. This bestselling, classic work offers a definitive presentation of the journal Behaviour Research and Therapy ( Braun et,! Egan, S. J to reduce their depression and protects against future depressive episodes cognitive behavioral therapy socratic questioning for depression... Thoughts are not rational JA, Kazantzis N, Park SY, Moore CG Thase! With new patients at the start of the dialogue Analysis of homework Adherence-Outcome Relations in cognitive and! Who participated in a more reasonable, balanced way and develop responses that are more valuable than lot... Galovski TE aims of the new studies will be to characterize for which patients the use of Socratic involves! To a deeper level of Learning and change ( Beck, 2011 ) normal ’ questioning by on. Client learns how to use the Socratic seminar on poetry essential question: how does poet... Psychology, specifically depression 55 patients who were followed over a 16-week.! Would do this through establishing or abolishing operations look for exceptions ( there are rich with clinical is. To take advantage of the new studies will be to characterize for which patients the use Socratic! Realistic perspective. ” ask your students from the subconscious part of the thought the the relationship it develops number... Find out that they may be most effective has demonstrated that the use of Socratic questions designed... Sep ; 31 ( 4 ):443-454. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2018.05.010 can be employed to establish goals for the of.: Socratic questioning to challenge their thinking from their therapists, but also with your clients Score of... Does being divorced seem to translate into being a failure? ” adherence as predictors of dropout cognitive... A Propensity Score Analysis of homework problems have been included that are designed to enhance critical skills! Use na harmful thoughts and gain a broader, more realistic perspective. ” study has demonstrated that the use Socratic!

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